Neal Allen and Brian J. Brox, "The Roots of Third Party Voting: The 2000 Nader Campaign in Historical Perspective," Party Politics, 11 (September, 2005), 623-637.

Last Paragraph of Introduction:
In this article we seek to identify the connections between Nader and his predecessors, and to shed light on the voting for minor party presidential candidates generally. We study support for Nader and other significant third party candidates at both the aggregate and individual level, analyzing the geographical distribution of voters as well as election year survey data. By looking at the campaign appeals made by these significant third party candidacies as well as individual-level data on third party voters (in the years for which we have survey data), we can see how Ralph Nader's campaign for president in 2000 fits into a long line of 20th-century third party challenges.

Figures and Tables:
Table 1. Impact of electoral context on the Nader vote
Table 2. Relationship in state-wide third party performance
Table 3. Determinants of third party voting

Last Paragraph:
On the whole, however, our analysis of voters who support third party and independent presidential candidates suggests that these voters, in keeping with the history of third party candidacies as vehicles for protest against the two-party system, would have voted for other independent or third party candidates, or would have not voted, if Nader had not been an available alternative to Gore or Bush.